Grammar and Irrelevant Material Detracts Essay Example for Free

Grammar and Irrelevant Material Detracts Essay1. Writing too much. Some students think the suggested page limits are just a general guideline, and its a in force(p) idea to go over them. Usually it isnt. While a professor may not mind a newsprint thats slightly above the limit, peculiarly if the content is good, students who go on and on show a lack of discipline and focus that usually dooms their work.Read 10 Secrets to College Success.2. Writing too little. Its common for professors to light touch papers that trail off well short of the minimum page limit. This is often a sign that the student just doesnt know enough virtually the topic, hasnt put enough thought into what he or she is going to say, or merely gestures at key points rather than explaining them in detail. If you find your paper is advance up short, do more working.3. Not answering the question. Some students view the paper assignment as a chance to free-associate. They consider the question or task assigned by the professor as more of a suggestion (or prompt) of something to talk ab come to the fore, rather than a focused request for discussion of a specific issue. Professors, especially ones who have spent hours writing up the assignment, dont view this kindly. In our experience, students lose more points from not answering the question than for making errors in what they write.4. Including irrelevant framework. Its a continual mystery to professors why some students feel compelled to include material that clearly isnt relevant to the paper. From time to time, we even see a confession that these items arent currently relevant, but they seemed so important that I somehow had to get them in. Resist the urge to throw extraneous material into your paper. Writing a good paper is a matter of suppositionabout what to take out as well as what to put inand irrelevant material detracts from the overall quality of your paper.5. Lacking a thesis. All college papers should have a thesisthat i s, an overarching idea or pointclearly set out at the beginning, around which the paper centers. It neednt be something complex or obscure, just a statement of the main point the one-sentence answer you would order to the question, if you had to answer in just one sentence. Funny how its hard to write when you havent figured out in your own mind what your single main point will be. (Again, judgment plays a key role here.)6. Not having a direction of argument. College papers need to have an order of presentation a carefully thought-out logic in which each point follows the previous one with some reason. This creates a feeling in the reader that the paper is proceeding in an orderly fashion toward some goal. Its frustrating for a professor to read a paper in which he or she has no idea why some point is organism made now, and not even a clue about what point might come next. No reader ilks the feeling of stumbling around in the dark.7. Including sentences that do no work. All the se ntences in your paper should make some definite contribution to developing and proving your thesis. Sentences that do something, that have some muscle, play a real role in advancing your main argument. Sentences like The Civil War was an important event in Ameri washbasin history or In this paper I will be discussing a number of issues relating to the Civil War should be eliminated without hesitation.8. Not writing in paragraphs (or writing in one-sentence paragraphs). Paragraphs are the grammatical construction blocks of any paper and its critical to construct a paper using paragraphs of about four to five sentences each. Who wants a single, ginormous building block? And college papers arent like some newspaper articles in which each paragraph is just one sentence. Youre expecting to develop a (small) thought, even within a paragraph, and no one can do that in one sentence.9. Making errors in spelling and grammar. College professors dont always consciously take off for spelling an d grammatical errors, but its hard to give an A to a paper that shows great carelessness in preparation. Were in the age of automated spelling and grammar check. Surely you can recognize those red and spurt squiggles on your screen and fix them. (And while youre at it, proofread your paper the old-fashioned way with your eyes. No spell checker will catch those vex wrong words or homonyms.)

Brindage Act 1902 Essay Example for Free

Brindage Act 1902 Essay1.The Brindage Act 1902 that was implemented on November 12,1902, prohibits the Filipinos to form or join groups against the US government. The Act was created in order to soothe the Filipinos so that it would be easier for the American government to execute their plans for the country. This law states that whoever continues to revolt against the Americans will be considered as thieves. Even though Americans tried to stop the activists, at that place were lock some Filipinos like Macario Sakay that remained fighting. They were affected greatly by the law, because they cannot walk streets without getting themselves arrested. And although they had the rich people funding them from the beginning, it was stop, therefore it led to the lack of nutrient and arms. The bandoleros continued fighting even though some of their fellow Katipuneros surr closing curtainered to the US. I consider them heroes and patriots even though it is said that the country is in a inactive situation, because they were fighting for the independence they fought since the Spanish times.2.The First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic was established along with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution. This was said to be the end of the Spanish rule. First President Emilio Aguinaldo changed the revolutionary government to a dictatorial and later went back to the revolutionary government. Malolos Republic has its President, Cabinet Members and Ministers, but in my opinion, it is still premature.The departments are messed up like the Department of Foreign Affairs, Navy and Commerce Department of War and Public Works Department of Police, Internal Order, Justice, Education and hygienics Department of Finance, Manufacturing Industry. Its as if it was hastened just so they could form departments. I also believe that if this was a successful government, it would last longer, and the Americans could have let go of us to be an independent country.

Literature Review About Meter Reading Techniques Computer Science Essay

Literature Review About prison term Reading Techniques Computer Science EssayIn this chapter we eitherow explore to a greater extent about how bar denotation is d one and only(a), the different type of techniques that exist to read grands, and involuntary beat reading specially the use of Bluetooth technology for automatic pulsation reading. A world wide-eyed view allow for be explored before we look to the context of Mauritius. heartbeatsA one thousand is a device that trick comments and displays the charter quantity of an element, substance or any quantifiable matter, whitethorn it be electrons, water, gas, glucose and many others. in that location ar many uses of meters and in many different sectors of our world. For example, in health sector meters atomic number 18 employ to measure the level of glucose in the blood, to measure pulse rate, and many others. The return sector, corresponding gas, water or electrical energy companies, uses a very large numbers of meters. These companies acquire to monitor the usage of the re ancestors utilise by their customers so that they push aside be charged for the amount they oblige use. on that point atomic number 18 as well other meters like gauss meters, geomagnetic meters, microwave meters, and many to a greater extent.As we have seen, there argon many sectors in which meters be be utilise we stacknot focus our attention in all of them. So, we pass on concentrate our effort in the utility sector, more specifically the one for electricity companies. wherefore this choice? Because Energy sector is a driving force in our world and that many gear upments and advances are thanks to electricity. So from here on we exit focus our attention on that specific domain.Types of metersThere are many types of meters depending on the area of use. The main types of electric meters areElectromechanical Induction Meter (Standard Meter) It is a meter which counts the number of turns an aluminium disc d oes. The amount of electricity used is directly proportional to the number of revolutions of the aluminium disc. The electricity is measured in kilowatt- mos and the rate of charge remains constant all over the day. These types of meters are commonly used on single phase alternating current supply.electronic Meters These meters have an electronic display and make use of wireless technologies like Bluetooth, GSM and GPRS to transfer in fashionation about electrical pulmonary tuberculosis. They have inbuilt automatic sensors which helps to detect electrical energy theft or meter tampering.Prepaid meters are like the standard meters the only difference is that, or else getting a honker at the end of the month, it is a pay as you use service. I.e. the consumer pays in advance for the electricity function.Smart meter These meters record the amount of electricity consumption for a certain(p)(p) period of condemnation. The recorded info is then sent to the utility company for monitor ing and commission purposes. Smart meters butt end transfer data from and to the meter, i.e. it is a two way communication.Meter readingElectric meters measure electricity mostly in kilowatt hour (kWh). One kilowatt hour is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. The meter reading process is through with(p) periodically, so that consumers nookie be account for that period of time. There are different method actings used by different companies for metering. There are two ways that bathroom be identified. Namely the traditional way and new techniques.The traditional way, which uses the standard meter, bed be described as The meter ratifier goes to the consumers place. There, the meter indorser reads the current value on the meter and note it down on the bill for the previous electricity consumption period. The bill is then given to the consumer. The meter reader will then enter the current value in the compa nys organization, so that the consumer can be billed for that current period.The new techniques, which uses, electronic and smart meter are as follows The meter reader makes use of new technologies to read the meter value, and meters have an electronic display. There are many different new techniques used for meter reading, and they will be further elaborated below. automatic pistol meter reading (AMR)Automatic meter reading (AMR), is the technology where data about consumption and the status of the meter device is collected automatically. The data is sent to a central database for it to be analysed and billing purpose. Meters for water, gas, and electricity can use the AMR technique.With the uses of AMR, there can be one way or two-way communication. In the one way communication, query is done only to know the reading value from the meter. Whereas in the two way communication functions can besides be implemented to the meter.Techniques for automatic meter readingThere are several techniques for automatic meter reading some of them are listed below.Touch TechnologyIn the touch technology, a meter reader have a device, it may be a handheld computer or specialised data collection device. When the meter reader in close mould to the meter the latter press a button. A signal is sent firm the device to the meter and the reading of the meter is relieve on the device. That saved data is downloaded to a data collection computer for billing purpose. This technique is besides referred as on-site AMR, as the meter reader needs to go on site to read the meter reading.Radio Frequency NetworkAs its name suggest, the network uses radio wave to progress with the meters. There are automatic reading agreements which uses the radio based technology such Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth and many others. around of them are listed below.Handheld a meter reader collects meter reading from meters which support AMR brass. The meter reader carries a take-away computer with a radio r elative frequency receiver and transceiver which reads the meter readings value. 2Mobile it is also referred to as drive-by is a technique where the meter reading device is installed in a vehicle. The meter reader needs only to drive the vehicle along the path where the meters are found and the meter reading value is read automatically by the device installed in the vehicle. 2Fixed network it is a method where there is a network which is installed permanently to read meter reading. The network consists of many repeaters, collectors and a lot of other equipments so that values read are transferred to a central database. This method does not need the intervention of any human to read the metering value.Some time a hybrid AMR system is implemented so that when the fixed network goes down, the restless system come into action. 2Assessing the traditional meter reading and AMRThe advantage and disadvantage of both traditional meter reading and AMR techniques are listed in the table below .Traditional Meter ReadingAdvantageDisadvantageCreation of job, as more mess are needed to discharge meter readingSocial contact with consumersThere can be error when reading the value.Difficult to detect fraud on meters.Some people consider the meter reader as an intruder in their privacy.Security of the person performing the reading the person may be attacked by dogs dishearten 21 Traditional Meter ReadingAutomatic meter readingAdvantageDisadvantageEnable theft detection.More accurate meter reading.Reduce operating cost.There is no need to enter consumers property (except for exceptional cases).If the system is down, billing will be affected.The use of radio waves can be a source of concern to a minority of peopleTable 22 AMRExisting system using Automatic Meter readingThere are many AMR systems implemented in many in different countries and using many of the different techniques listed above. Some of the existing AMR systems are listedNew Mexico Gas Company is using the AMR ser vice. This has greatly helped to improve the working of the company. 4The Ontario government introduced legislation on Nov. 3, 2005 to start the process of getting smart meters into every(prenominal) home and small business in the province by 2010. 5Meridian Energy has started replacing traditional electricity meters with new smart electricity meters which will set a new benchmark for electricity retailing in New Zealand 6Existing system of Bluetooth enable meter readingThere are some companies which are using Bluetooth enabled meter for the reading of their meters, and there are some supplies of Bluetooth enabled meters. The topic is further true below.Existing systemCambridge Consultants has delivered a archetype design of a Bluetooth-based radio module to the leading utility metering company, Actaris. Based on a single-chip Bluetooth device, the module provides new opportunities to drive down the cost of remote control metering, allowing meters to be wireless-enabled at very l ow cost and opening the door to high-integrity consumer-activated schemes. Consumers with Bluetooth active phones, laptops or PDAs would have the option of taking meter readings themselves and communicating them to the utility company over the internet or GSM. 7Bluetooth enabled meters suppliersThere are many suppliers of Bluetooth enabled meters. Some of the suppliers are listed below.Landis+Gyr, is a company which design and manufactures electricity meters. This company have also design a Bluetooth reading system where they can read meters using Bluetooth. 8 contour 21 Bluetooth reader 8Metex Corporation limited is a company which is manufacture meter readers, and the company has meters with Bluetooth technology. These meters can be used in an AMR system. 9Current situation in MauritiusIn Mauritius, we have the Central electricity Board (CEB), Central Water Authority (CWA) and Waste Water Authority (WMA) as the main utilities companies. All these utilities companies are using th e traditional way for their billing purposes. .I.e. a meter reader will go home by home and read their respective standard meter.The CEB is doing research on how to implement automatic meter reading and they have some electronic meters for test purposes. CEB has also intention to implement prepaid meters.The AMR system on which CEB is experimenting consist of meter which has a modem. Then a communication is set with the modem and concerned data is read. That data is used for the billing purpose. As mentioned, the system is still at a testing phase, so a lot are still need to be done. To be able to implement AMR system all standard meters need to be changed to AMR supported meters, and meter readers need to be trained to be able to use the new system.Bluetooth TechnologyWhat isBluetooth?Bluetoothis a wireless technology for short range communications which was developed to replace the cables connecting devices, may it be fixed or portable ones. much(prenominal) devices are mobile p hones, printers, cameras, desktop computer, and many others. The Bluetoothtechnology is a low power, low cost and maintains high levels of security.Bluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHz, using a spread spectrum, frequency hopping, full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 hops/sec. 10The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), an organization of several companies work together to maintain and develop the Bluetooth technology. 10The name Bluetooth comes from Danish King Harold Bluetooth. He was influential in uniting warring factions in parts of what is now Norway, Sweden and Denmark. 11Bluetooth technology can withstand hurly burly from wireless technologies which uses the 2.4 GHz spectrum. Adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) of Bluetooth technology detects other devices in the spectrum and avoid the frequency they are using. 11According to Martin Reynolds, an analyst with Gartner Groups Dataquest, The thin g about Bluetooth is that it truly will ship in the billions of units once it gains momentum. Its really a multibillion-dollar market. 12Bluetooth LogoFigure 22 Bluetooth logo 13Bluetooth rangeBluetooth radio waves use certain amount of energy and can goes up to a maximum of certain diameter. The table below show Bluetooth class and its limit up to where it can go. stratumPower use (mW)Range (approximate) in meters110010022.510311Table 23 Bluetooth class rangeBLUETOOTH NetworkThere are two type of networkPiconet is made up of one master and one or more slaves but only up to a maximum of seven active slaves at a time. The device initiating the connection automatically becomes the master and is the master of the piconet. Slaves may not communicate directly with each other they can only communicate with the master and transfer data when they are granted transmission time by the latter. Slaves synchronize their frequency hopping with the master using the masters clock and Bluetooth add ress.Figure 23 Typical piconet 14Scatternet Multiple piconets with overlapping coverage areas form a scatternet. Each piconet may have only one master, but slaves may participate in different piconets on a time-division multiplex basis. A device may be a master in one piconet and a slave in another or a slave in more than one piconet.Figure 24 Typical scatternet 15Bluetooth protocol tonsThe Bluetooth protocol stack allows Bluetooth devices from different manufactures to work with one another. Some of Bluetooth protocol stacksLMP (Link Management Protocol) configure and control links to other devices.L2CAP (Logical Link Control Adaptation Protocol) links upper layer protocols over the Baseband and the passing on of quality of service information.RFCOMM (Cable replacement protocol) protocol provides emulation of serial ports over the L2CAP protocol.Service Discovery Protocol provide a way for discovering services provided by or available through a Bluetooth device. It also allows maskings to know about the characteristics of the services which are available.HCI (Host/Controller Interface) access the hardware status and control register. It also provides a command interface to the Link Manager and Baseband Link Controller.Bluetooth radio is a transceiver which transmits and receives modulated Bluetooth radio waves for the devices.Figure 25 Bluetooth protocol stacks 15Bluetooth pro shoot downsBluetooth profiles help two devices which have the same profile to communicate with each other. Each Bluetooth device must support at least one profile. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that explain many different types of finishings.Generic Access Profile (GAP) Provides the basis Bluetooth functionality for all profiles. Some of the functionalities are like setting up L2CAP links, handling security modes and discoverable modes.Serial Port Profile (SPP) Provides serial port (RS-232) emulation based on the RFCOMM part of the Bluetooth stack. control Up Network ing Profile (DUNP) Defines how to a Bluetooth device can be used as a Dial Up Networking gatewayFAX Profile Defines how a Bluetooth device can be used as a FAX gatewayHeadset Profile Defines what is required to transfer audio e.g. a wireless Bluetooth headsetlocal area network Access Point Profile Defines how a Bluetooth device can be used as a LAN access pointGeneric aspiration Exchange Profile (GOEP) Provides support for the OBjext EXchange (OBEX) protocol over Bluetooth linksObject Push Profile Defines how to exchange vCard and vCalendar intentions, based on the GOEPFile rapture Profile Defines functionality of how to navigate through folders and copying, deleting or creating a file or folder on a Bluetooth device, based on the GOEP.Figure 26 Bluetooth Profiles 16THE ADVANTAGES OF BLUETOOTHShort transmission range up to a maximum of 100 meters with class 1.Low Power Bluetooth takes relatively low power, thus it is suitable for devices with dependent battery capacity.Interope rability as it have standardised protocols.Robustness capable of operating in an environment strongly where there are many other radio wavesTechnologies for developing the systemThere are many phase for the development of a system and there are many tools available for their development. Two categories can be identified for a system hardware and package. The hardware part is the part that can be hold by hands and move if it is portable. The software part can be seen as the one who make the hardware works correctly. Without the software, the hardware cannot be used fully.Programming talking toThere are a series of programming languages that are available to programmers to calculate systems. Each programming language has an area of application where it is better. Some of the programming languages are listed below. coffee berryJava is cross platform and GNU General Public Licenseprogramming language. Java is an object-oriented, class-based, all-purpose, and concurrent language. It i s intended to let application developers write once, graze anywhere. Java programming languages is used in many systems ranging from applications software to web applications. Java can be use for Bluetooth programming. Java Communication Process (JCP) developed JSR 82, Java API for Bluetooth, so that Bluetooth enabled devices can be code easily using J2ME.Integrated development environment (IDE) help to code with java, some examples areNetBeansThe NetBeans IDE is pen in Java and needs JVM run. It can run on different operating system like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and Solaris. A JDK is required for the functionality of Java development. Netbeans also has a GUI design tool that help developers to design GUIs.EclipseEclipse was mostly written in java and can be used to develop java application. There are a lot of plug-in which helps to for development.J2MEJ2ME is Java platform used to code embedded devices, like mobile phones. Java ME source code is licensed low the GNU General Publi c License. J2ME can be use to code systems with wireless connection.C programming languageC is a general-purpose computer programming language that can run on many platforms. C can be use for developing portable application software.PythonPython is a multi-paradigm programming language and it is cross platform, i.e. it can work on different operation systems. Python can be use for Bluetooth programming. optic Basic.Net (VB.Net)Visual basic is implemented on .Net framework. VB.Net was designed by Microsoft and it is an object oriented language.Relational Database Management System (RDMS)Some of RDMS are listed belowMySQLMySQL is a relational database management system which is released under the GNU General Public License. It offers multi-user access to databases and it is cross platform software.PostgreSQLPostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) and it is released under PostgreSQL License. Thus it can be modified and distributed in any form desired.Web ServerA Web server is responsible to process users request and reply back. The replies are principally HyperText Markup Language (HTML) documents. Web servers are mainly used t host Web sites.Apache HTTP ServerApache HTTP Server is a Web server which is licensed under Apache License 2.0, which means that it is an open source HTTP server. It is platform independent, highly secure and efficient.Internet Information Server (IIS)IIS was created and is owned by Microsoft. There is need to bargain for it license to use it.Web Development ToolsThere are many server side scripting languages that are used. Some of them are listed belowPHPPHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a general-purpose scripting language that was designed for web development so as to have dynamic web pages. PHP can work on most servers and operating system.ASP.NETASP.NET allows programmers to found dynamic web pages, web services and web application. It is a web application framework developed and marketed by Microsoft.H ardwareSome of the hardware that can be used is listed below.Mobile phoneMobiles phones have become a common electronic device. It offers many options than just make call and send messages. present we can access the Internet via mobile phones, and there are many applications that where developed on mobile phone. New generation mobile phones are render with camera and Bluetooth.Laptop/ ComputersComputer is like the tool that enables programmers to work. All most all programming languages, not to say all, can work on computers. They are also equipped with many wireless devices like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.Embedded devicesThere are embedded devices that are designed specifically to do certain things. Some examples are MP3 player, washing machines, Bluetooth meter reader, and many others.Evaluation of ToolsProgramming languageThe programming language is what will help to make the software. Each programming language has positive and negative points depending on the type of software that nee d to be developed. The pros and cons of certain programming languages are listed below.J2MEProsConsOffer better networking capabilityAvailable on various platformsJ2ME applications are portableRich user interfaceRobust security features.There is a wide range of mobiles which support Java, thus having wide range of mobile phone that can be used.Midlet cannot access all native resources without authorization.Application need to adapt for phones which have different CLDC, MIDP, JSR and Bluetooth.Table 34 J2MEJavaProsConsJava code can work on many different platforms.Java is secure, robust and reliable.Java provides use of multithreading.Java is object oriented and allows creation of modular programs and reusable code.Java have an API for Bluetooth programmingJava is slower and consumes more memory when compared to languages such as C or C++.Table 35 JavaWeb ServersWeb servers are what will enable the data to be access over a network in a convenient way. There are a lot of web servers, some of them are described below.ApacheProsConsApache is open and thus can be customised easily according to requirementsMulti-platform. It runs on a wide variety of operating systems, including all variants of UNIX, Windows 9x/NT, and Mac OSApache is not regularly updatedRequires more skilful knowledge to install and configureTable 36 ApacheIISProsConsGUI mode installation.Works with a wide range of operating systems and browsers.Source code is proprietary.Can only work within Windows environment.Table 37 IISWeb Development LanguagesWeb development language will be used to code for application at server side. There is a wide pool of language that is available. Some of them are listed below with their some of their pros and cons.PHPProsConsPHP is set down and promiscuous to use.PHP help to interact with database easily.Can support many operating systems, like Windows, Linux and Mac OS.PHP engine need to be installed on server to use PHP.Debugging can be durationy for complex prog ram.Table 38 PHPASP.NETProsConsASP.NET code is compiled at server before being sent to the browser thus faster.ASP.NET pages are simple to write and can cope with heavy traffic without affecting performance adverselyASP.NET runs on only windows platform.ActiveX objects are platform specific, thus it will not work easily on many Web servers.Table 39 ASP.NetRDBMSRelational Database Management System (RDMS) will be used to store all data. It is very all important(p) as all sensitive data will be there and data will be used to do billing purpose.MySQLProsConsEasy to use.Free and Open source system.Runs on a range of different platforms.Can handle large sets of data.It is secure. Passwords are encrypted recuperation of database is not guaranteed in case of a power cut.Operates over known IP ports which facilitate the task of intrudersTable 310 MySQLPostgreSQLProsConsIt is a free and Open source softwarePostgreSQL can work on different platformPostgreSQL is very scalable and extensibleIt is slow compared to MySQLLacks binary distribution for all the supported platforms.Table 311 PostgresSQLChoice of Final ToolsJava is appropriate for the desktop application as it can work on many different platforms and have an API for Bluetooth.J2ME is used for the mobile application development as many mobile phones can support java and have an API for Bluetooth.Bluecove API for Bluetooth programming as it is open source and support java.PHP will be used for the web application as it is free and easy to interact with database.MySQL is more suitable for database system as it is free and work well with Web servers.DesignThe design section gives an overview of the structure of the software and architecture of the system. It also includes the data involved, the interfaces between system components, algorithm and protocol to be used for the system implementation.System Design IssuesSeveral system design issues like performance, quality of service, fault tolerance, and security, which are important in the design of a system, are discussed below.Performance IssuesThe performance issues are concerned with the limitation of computers in term of processing power and communication capacities. These issues can be described in the followings waysResponsiveness It is how fast the system processes given input to give an output. The use of threading allows multiple tasks to process simultaneously. Threads can be used for processor intensive process. Threads can be implemented in Java Environment.Applications running on networks depend greatly on the load and performance of servers and also the network load itself. Server and network load balancing can be used to prevent them from being overloaded. Such technique is beyond the scope of this project. When using the Internet, there is a probability of communication delays and data being corrupted, this beyond of ones control.Throughput It is of the system corresponds to the amount of data transmit between the client and serv er in a given time interval.On a wireless network is takes a long time to examine connection between the server and the client and the latency time of HTTP is significantly high. So, the number of HTTP round trips in the application must be kept to the stringent minimum.RobustnessRobustness is the ability of the system to operate in the presence of incorrect input or cope with errors when the system is running.Validations check like length check and data type check can be used to prevent wrong input and catch errors where shared resources are being accessed.Interactivity interaction with the system can be in many different ways. Data or command input to the system will make it produce certain result. Some of the ways that can interact with the system are listed below.The use of graphical user interface (GUI) to facilitate user to communicate with the system.Providing options and menus where possible instead of typing data.Users using the mobile application need to enter data via p hone keypad.Use of meaningful icons, so that user can interact apace with the system.FlexibilityThe web application can support multiple users at a time and can receive and process multiple requests a time. The system must be able to cope if there is significant increase in the number of users and additional resources can be added if needed to.PortabilityThe mobile application can be run on Java enabled mobiles phones which support MIDP 2.0. The web application can run on multiples types of servers.Limit size of JAR fileThe mobile application has limited resources to use. So the application is obfuscated to reduce its size. The obfuscation process helps to remove unused classes and libraries.Error, Exception Handling and Fault ToleranceThe application should continue to work correctly in presence of software, hardware and network faults. Errors will be caught in try-catch blocks to alert user of the error.SecuritySecurity is one of the focal point of a system. There is no system on earth which can be tagged as impenetrable. What can be done is, to make the system less vulnerable to attacks. The system needs to protect data from unauthorized users. The ways to protect the system is listed below.Users need a username and tidings to be able to access the system. User will be identified and authenticated before they can use the system.The database will be protected with password.architectural DesignIn this section, the different components of the system are illustrated and how they interact between them.Overall ArchitectureThe system is made up of three main components the meter, the mobile application and the server application. The mobile application will be used to read a value via Bluetooth from the meter and will send that value via mobile network operator to the server. The connection between the mobile and the server is done via wireless connection such as GPRS, WAP, EDGE or Wi-Fi.The meter will be a simulated meter on a laptop that will be accessed via B luetooth by a mobile application.The server will be used to host the web site and connect to the database. That database will be used to store all information needed.The figure below shows the overall architecture.Figure 47 Overall architectureDetailed architectureFigure 48 Component diagram

Coca Cola Companys Growth As A Multinational Corporations Business Essay

Coca Cola Companys Growth As A Multinational Corporations Business EssayMultinational Corporation (MNC) is one of type of emf flying in the human being nowadays. A corporation can be categorized as MNC if in that location be 20% to 50% or more than of its net profit from directs investment in one or more in foreign countries. (Iamsam, n.d) http//hubpages.com/hub/Multinational-Corporations-MNCs. MNC argon managed from one home country. With well- manage social organization and overdue short letter firm good performance, it able to expand its products and services to foreign country. The growth of multinational corporations is measured by Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). When business firm make an investment in a second nation, the investment is counted as part of the outward direct investment from the source country. FDI is an investment in foreign firms where the foreign investor owns at least ten percent of the ordinary shares.1.2. Coca-Cola Companys HistoryCoca-Cola is the largest manufacturer, distributor and market placeer of non-alcoholic drunkenness that establish by a pharmacist, Dr. John Stith Pemberton in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia in 1886 with Coca-Cola syrup.Druggist Asa Candler bought The Coca-Cola Company in 1891. Within four years it was available in all 50 states, Canada and Mexico. The Coca-Cola Company began building its globose network in the 1920s. When Asa Candler purchased the recipe and established the Coca-Cola Company, he begins one of the largest franchise in the world. The government expanded the community and make 64 plants overseas in 1929.At the beginning of the World War II, Coca-Cola was bottled in 44 countries. Today, The Coca-Cola Company operates in more than 200 countries, 2400 beverage products are provided worldwide with approximately 1.5 one thousand thousand serving rate each day. (http//www.just- wassails.com/market-research/the-coca-cola-company-swot-analysis_id92127.aspx)Coca-Cola Enterprises is the worlds largest marketer, producer and distributor of Coca-Cola products. Its operating in 46 U.S. states and Canada, they are the exclusive Coca-Cola bottler for all of Belgium, continental France, Great Britain, Luxembourg, Monaco and the Netherlands. Coca-Cola Enterprises manages a network of approximately 84,000 suppliers of goods and serveces ranging from large international companies to small local suppliers.Today, With E. Neville Isdell s firm commitment, Coca-Cola Company exact been revolute into sensitive century, recognized as the worlds most valuable discoloration. http//www.123 aidme.com/preview.asp?id=1642391.3. Management StructureA well structure company is important foundations of capital organization. Multinational Company is operating under International division structure. The international unit (parent company) control entire activities of subsidiary company. However, this division structure allows multinational companies to freely explore resources internationally b ased on geography, product or function. Figure 1 shows the outlook of international division structure.Figure 1 International surgical incision StructureCoca-Cola Company as a multinational company handles enormous capacity of business with well-organized structure. Coca-Cola has 5 operating geographically segmentation. There are coupled States, Latin America, atomic number 63an Community, Northeast Europe/Africa, and also Canada and PacificCoca-Cola Company allows their division to customizing marketing based on Geographic segmentation. For instance, they alter the sweetness of drink according to local taste.GlobalizationThe process of sphericalization has adverted on the worlds business operation which is mostly driven by the development of MNCs. fit in Macmillan Dictionary, term of globalization defines as concept a single economy and culture are developed as a result of proceed in technology which easier the communicatings between two corporation and globalization mostly influence by multinational companies toward economic, financial, trade and communication. Besides, the United Development course of study (1999) announces globalization is the most important integration of economy, political and cultural phenomenon across nation frontiers. (cited in Kiggundu 2002). Moses N.Kiggundu, 2002, Managing globalization in developing countries and transition economies Building Capacities for a Changing World, Praeger,Westport CTpage. 4 http//www.questia.com/read/101335345Globalization is the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before- in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper that ever before, and in a way that is enabling the world to reach into individuals, corporations and nation-states farther, faster, deeper, cheaper than ever before.- Thomas FriedmanCoca-Cola is a business which truly international in sc ope by signifying 67% of total its total net income from non- USD source. http//books.google.com.my/books?id=akn1_k1rVMICdq=coke+income+from+non-US+sourcesource=gbs_nav standoffs_s (page 9-2)Impacts of Globalization1.) Establishment of international allianceshttp//books.google.com.my/books?id=3pTFN8IdRpkCdq=international+alliances+example+on+coca-colasource=gbs_navlinks_s (page 435)The establishment alliances or coalitions which link firms of the same industry based in different countries. MNCs commonly engage in international alliances such as pin ventures and licensing agreements with foreign firms. Coca-Cola formed global joint venture with many industries to strengthen its company buy launching new products. colligation developments allow Coca-Cola to leverage its beverage expertise in contact with certain technology areas key to our business, such as packaging, vending equipment, foundation equipment and water treatment. Historically, these joint developments have led to th e development and commercialisation of break by technologies for the beverage industry.Coca-Cola also engaged in licensing with companies that are affiliated with food or beverage company but not with companies that compete with Coca-Cola in the non-alcoholic beverage market segment. We do some licensing with suppliers to the beverage industry. Examples of these types of companies are various packaging and equipment suppliers to the beverage industry. We have also licensed with universities around the world where in that respect is a finicky expertise with an individual or group of professors or researchers. Coca-Cola has over 300 licensees who sell over $ 1 billion of licensed products each year. It is estimated that Coca-Cola generates over $ 70 million in royalty revenue and billions of incremental impressions from licensed products. Licensing agencies outside of North America which work with us are The Licensing Company in Europe and Redibra in Brazil. The manufacturing syst em also called The Coca-Cola System by Coca-Cola to license to distributors who can incorporate different world markets, resources, and technologies to maximize revenue.http//www.yet2.com/app/insight/insight/20010401_landgraffhttp//www.goldmarks.net/controvn_lic_exp.shtmlThese are the a few(prenominal) joint ventures for Coco-Cola which doing well and earned huge profit on it.Coca-Cola joint venture buys Philippine drink companySan Miguel, the Philippine food and beverage company, and its joint-venture retainer Coca-Cola agreed yesterday to pay 14 billion pesos ($269 million) for the Philippines second-largest soft drink company, Cosmos. The purchase, which defeated a bid by PepsiCo, will give the joint venture, Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, a 90 percent share of the Philippines $1-billion-a-year soft drink market. The deal was approved when Cosmoss majority owner, the RMF Corporation, agreed to accept a lower offer after San Miguel ascertained that some Cosmos equipment was bel ow Coca-Colas standards. Wayne Arnold (NYT)Joint venture between Coca-Cola and Nestle to tap rapidly growing beverage segmentshttp//www.nestle.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/AllPressReleases/CocaColaJointVenture-30Jan01.htmCoca-Cola and Nestle Refreshments (CCNR) is their highly successful joint venture formed on 1991 which operates directly in 24 countries and enjoys a strong position in the ready-to-drink tea category. On 30Jan2001, CCNR rename as beverage Partners Worldwide (BPW) function as an entrepreneurial unit dedicated to tapping the growth potential of emerging beverage segments, actively expand into new beverage peculiarly ready-to-drink coffee, teas and beverages with a healthful positioning. BPW also focus on expanding its geographical with existing products include Nestea and Nescafe and new products inclusive of Tian Yu Di tea and Yang Guag tea businesses undertaking by Coca-Cola.Joint venture of Coca-Cola Company and Illycaffe Spahttp//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/pr esscenter/nr_20080327_tccc_and_illycaffe_joint_venture.htmlThey introducing three allowance ready-to-drink (RTD) espresso-based coffee products. The products areProducts DescriptionCaffe full-bodied character, real Italian chilled caffe. First ready-to-drink coffee to offer char (no milk) espresso-based coffee.Cappucino intense uplifting aromas of illy espresso, blended with milk and dark cacao.Latte Macchiato smooth fresh illy espresso experience, swirled with milk.The product will be available in stylish premium can to inveigle the consumer. The RTD first launch in 10 European countries including Austria, Croatia, Greece and the Ukraine as the firm aim of their joint venture.After 1 month, the additional countries in Asia, North America, Eurasia and the Pacific as the expansion of the sales and will be delivered through the Cola-Cola system. The highly profitable RTD coffee category globally is valued at just under $16 billion and has experienced several years of growth that is expected to continue. Globally (excluding Japan), the ready-to-drink coffee category has grown at an honest rate of 10.1 percent over the past five years.2.) Development and Improvement of engineering scienceThe improvement of the whole organization in order to address challenges or problems, for in line with the participation in globalization is the increase in the number of problems to be encountered. With this, it can be understood that along globalization is the inquire to develop, improve, innovate, and adopt new strategies and methods in relation to systems modification to enable adjustment to the changes and challenges being encountered by the organization. Modification and restructuring in the organization is needed because along with the companys intention to expand and widen its target market is the need for additional workforce and management processes and styles that would enable the company accommodate the increase in changes. Restructuring and remodeling of the com pany, thus, serves to be a good way of adjustment.Both the Friedmans definition and The Coca-ColaSystem as well discuss stress the importance of integration of markets and innovation of technology.Technology revolution can have important effects on the decisions taken by international business. The improved of technology can transform a firm to become a successful international business. With the current technology, innovation can be done by a firm to develop a new product which can attract the current consumers as well as the new buyers.In the case of health trend and changing taste of the consumers, Coca-Cola responded to this through innovation and change. The primary objectives of product innovation are to create value, to obtain a competitive advantage, and to achieve long-term success through the development and commercialization of new products and services (Sundbo and Fuglsang 2002).Innovation for Coca-Cola Company accomplished through development of new products. A range of products such as the Coca-Cola Zero, Enviga, nutrition Coke, Gold Peak,Cherry Coke, Diet Cherry Coke, Vanilla Coke, Coca-Cola with Lime, Coca-Cola with Lemon and opposite variants of Coke.Below shown some of the products with descriptionYear New Products Description2005 No-Calorie Drink(Coke Zero) The introduction of Coke Zero was make by the increasing consumer demands for healthier products. Coke Zero offers the same taste as Coca-Cola with no calories First launched in North America2006 Calorie importunate Tea(Enviga) This product is intended to complement healthy lifestyles. By drinking three cans of Enviga each day, consumers can burn an extra 60-100 calories daily. This innovative product is added with a powerful antioxidant EGCG that speeds up metabolism and increase energy use, especially when combined with caffeine.2006 Gold Peak A premium ready-to-drink iced tea. Its with homemade taste revives the everlasting flavour of classic, authentic iced tea.By introducing new products, Coca-Cola aims to strengthen its brand image as the home quality beverages. Besides, Coca-Cola fill the gaps between markets and its products. Coca-Cola Company innovate a range of new products including health concerned products to meet consumers demand that are health conscious.3.) Renewing Systems and StructuresThe organisational form of Coca Cola is the Entrepreneurial start-up which is the simplest structure. According to Mintzberg (1992) the structure is described as having a little or no techno structure at all, it only has few support staffers, restrained division of labour, borderline differentiation in the work place, and a limited hierarchy in management. The overall setting is informal because there are no strict rules and regulations pull out the punctuality and absenteeism. Moreover the behaviour within the organisation, particularly in the convenience store is not that formalised wherein it utilises minimal planning, training and liaison devices.After the come to of globalization, the new organization was formed in Coca-Cola business. As we can see in Hong Kong, it would be Machine Bureaucracy. According to Mintzberg, the machine bureaucracy is an organisational structure wherein there is a clear configuration of the design parameters wherein it consistently held up researches it includes specialised routinely operating procedures, formalised procedures in the centre of operations, propagation of rules and regulations, proliferation of formalised communication throughout the company, dependence on the functional basis for tasks wherein it needs group work, comparatively centralised power for decision-making, and a complexly detailed administrative structure with sharp differences between the line and staff. In this form of organisational structure Coca Cola will be able to monitor the efficiency of the performance of the workers because there would be standard procedures and more elaborate structure of management.4.) increase in competition among other firms in the same industryLast major impact of globalization is the increase in competition among other firms in the same industry. A global firm may be in a come apart position to compete with its global rival, as it can enhance its resources globally ( 2003). Being able to participate in its foreign target market makes the global firm more advanced and more developed compared to its rivals in the same industry, for it is able to meet the standards and demands of its foreign customers. From this perception, major suppliers and stakeholders would prefer the global firm to other firms.Due to the impact of globalization, there are some local brands compete with Coca-cola. For example, Big Cola C a brand in South and of import America and it act as a Fast-growing competitor to Coca-cola. Secondly, the Corsica Cola in French island of Corsica which is made by brewers of the local Pietra beer growing fast as Coca-cola also. Furthermore, Breizh Cola is available in the French region of Brittany. Because of the increasing in the competitors, The Coca-Cola Company forced to purchase its brand, a registration of Coca-Cola as their own brand mark in 1999.Globalization brings benefits to The Coca-Cola Company and it also led the company to compete with other big company which is in the same industry in whole world. Pepsi Company (PEP) the major competitor that most people familiar with. Usually, people will take Pepsi as their second choice, but in some certain markets, Pepsi outsells more than Coca-Cola. Another big competitor to Coca-cola is Dr Pepper Snapple Group (DPS). DPS starting its soft drinks business since 1885 and they compete in terms of the packaging, price, availability and so on.5.) Global ProductsCoca-Cola Company need to concern on the languages that they utilize while doing the advertising, promotion and so on. Respect to the consumer culture is an important things in order to attract them for purchasing the product. For exa mple, The Coca-Cola company has to change the logo and the description on their packaging from common English to Mandarin on Taiwan and China markets. this can help the company launch the product successfully by follow consumer mothers language in their countries.Coca-Cola company have to research on the most suitable nip on carbonated drinks that did suit the eastern countries like China and Taiwan. This had to be replaced by products such as Asian Tea and fermented milk drinks. This needed a lot of research and development to make sure that the relevant product can suit the market.The following are brief overviews of a few countries where Coca-Cola has used their strategies to help their drinks become globally sell.Year of FirstIntroduced Countries Detail on Coco-Cola Company1942 Argentina -On the first day the product hit the streets, seven 24-bottle cases were sold, add-on eighteen single 185 milliliter bottles.-By the end of 1943, sales in Argentina amounted to 300,000 cases using 20 distribution trucks.-Coca-Cola de Argentina S.A. sells around one thousand time more products annually than first year introduced.1927 Belgium -Belgium is among the worlds top 20 countries in terms of per capita consumption of Coca-Cola products.1933 France -Introduced in the Caf de lEurope in Paris.-Number one soft drink in France since 1966.-Its total sales have doubled in eight years.-Coca-Cola France has created more than 1000 jobs.-Invested more than 3 billion francs in France since 1989.-Today, French consumers drink an average 88 servings of Coca-Cola products each year.1927 Italy Currently employs approximately 3,000 people. Italian consumers drink an average of 100 servings of Coca-Cola products each year.-There are 12 bottling plants throughout the country, serving more than 500,000 retail outlets,-Producing a wide range of Coca-Cola products, including Fanta, Sprite, Nestea, Kinley Tonic Water, Beverly, Bonaqua and Minute Maid products.

Classification of Phylum Porifera

Classification of Phylum PoriferaThe porifera or sponges atomic number 18 marine creatures and they consist of loosely organized cells.While all animals dedicate unspecialized cells that ass transform into specialized cells, sponges ar unique in having slightly specialized cells that can transform into some other types, often migrating between the of import cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead or so rely on maintaining a constant weewee flow through and through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove overpluss, and the shapes of their bodies be adapted to increase the efficiency of the piss flow. All atomic number 18 sessile aquatic animals and, although there are freshwater species, the great majority are marine (salt water) species.The outer surface of a sponge is lined with thin flat cells called the pinacocytes. these cells are mildly contractlie and due to this the shapes of some sponges changes.In many sponges pinacocytes are specialised into tube worry contractile porocytes. Openings in the porocytes act as pathways for water through the body beleaguer and in this way they can regulate water circulation.Just below the pinacocyte layer of a sponge is a jelly like layer called the mesophyl. The mesenchyme cells in addition known as amoebiod cells move about the mesophyl and are specialised for reproduction, secreting skeletal elements, transporting and storing food and forming contractile rings around the openings in the sponge wall.Choanocytes also called the pinpoint cells which are below the mesophyl line the inner house (s), these cells are flagelatted cells that have a collar like ring of microvilli, surrounding a flagellum.a net like mesh is formed in the collar when the microfilaments connect the microvilli the flagelum creates water currents through the sponge, and the collar filter microscopic food paqrticals from the water.Sponges are sup ported by a skeleton that may consist of microscopic needlelike spikes called spicules.amoebiod cells form spicules.these spicules are made of calcium carbonate or silica and may take on a variety of shapes.Alternatively, the skeleton may be made of spongin (a fibrous protien made of collagen).The nature of the skeleton is an important characteristic in the sponge taxonomy. water Flow and Body TypesA spongs life is dependent on the water currents the choanocytes create. The flow of the water brings food and oxygen to a sponge and carries away the metabolic and digestive wastes. The way the food is filtered and how the water circulates causes the phylum to have a certain body type. Three types of bodies have been described by the zoologists.Ascon these are vase like sponges. Ostia are the outer openings of porocytes and lead directly to a chamber called spongocoel. Choanocytes line the spongocoel and water is drawn into it by the flagellar movement of choanocytes through the ostia. Water exits through a maven large opening at the top of the sponge called the Osculum.Sycon in this body form, the sponge wall appears to be folded. Water enters a Sycon sponge through openings called cutaneous pores. Dermal pores are the openings of invaginations of the body wall, called incurrent canals. Pores in the body wall connect incurrent canals to radial canals and the radial canals lead to spongocoeal. Radial canals are lined by the choanocytes, and the flogging of the choanocyte flagella moves water from the ostia, through incurrent and radial canals, to the spongocoel, and out the Osculum.Leucon sponges have an protractedly branched canal system. Water enters the sponge through ostia and moves through branched incurrent canals. Canals jumper lead away from the chambers are called the excurrent canals. Proliferation of chambers and canals has resulted in the absence of a spongocoeal, and often, multiple exits (oscula) for water leaving the sponge.Maintenance and Vital FunctionsSponges consume particles that range in size from 0.1 to 50um. Their food consists of bacteria, microscopic algae, protest, and other suspended organic manner. The pray is slowly drawn into the sponge and consumed.Sponges help in reducing the turbidity of coastal amniotic fluid. A single Leucon sponge, 1 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height can filter in excess of 20 litres of water everyday.Small suspended food particles are filtered by the choanocytes. Water passes through their collar near the base of the cell and moves into a sponge chamber at the opening end of the collar. Suspended food is trapped on the collar and moved along the microvilli to the base of the collar, where it is incorporated into a food vacuole. With pH changes and lysosomal enzyme activity the food is digested. Partially digested food is passed to amoeboid cells, which distribute it to other cells.Sponges are not limited to feed by the filtration method. Pinococytes lining the incurrent canals may p hagocytize bigger food particles up to 50um. Nutrients dissolved in the sea water can be actively transported by the sponge.Sponges dont have nerve cells to coordinate body functions. to the highest degree reactions occur due to individuals responding to a stimulus e.g. water circulation in some sponges is minimum at sunrise and at a maximum just onwards sunset because light inhibits the constriction of porocytes and other cells surrounding ostia keeping incurrent canals open. Other reactions however suggest some communication among cells. For example the rate of water circulation through the sponge can drop suddenly without and apparent external cause. This reaction can be due only choanocytes ceasing activities more or less simultaneously, and this implies some form of internal communication. The nature of this communication is unknown. Amoeboid cells transmitting chemicals messages and ion movement over cell surfaces are possible control mechanisms.Due to the presence of an ext ensive canal system and circulation of large volumes of water through sponges, all sponge cells are in c discharge contact with water and so the nitrogenous waste removal and gaseous exchange occurs by diffusion more or less sponges host photosynthesizing micro-organisms as endosymbionts and this coalation often results in the production of more food and oxygen than can be consumed. Freshwater sponges often host green algae as endosymbionts within archaeocytes and other cells, and benefit from nutrients produced by the algae. Many marine species host other photosynthesizing organisms.The spicules made of silica conduct light into the mesohyl, where the photosynthesizing endosymbionts live. Sponges that host photosynthesizing organisms are commonest in waters with relatively poor supplies of food particles, and often have leafy shapes that maximize the amount of sunlight they collect.Few sponges are carnivorous. They can scram small crustaceans using spicule-covered filaments. In mo st cases little is known about how they actually capture pit. well-nigh known carnivorous sponges have completely lost the water flow system and choanocytes.Sponges do not have the complex immune systems of most other animals. However they reject grafts from other species but accept them from other members of their own species. In a few marine species, grayness cells act as the guards for the sponges. When invaded, they produce a chemical that stops movement of other cells in the affected area, thus preventing the intruder from using the sponges internal transport systems. If the intrusion persists, the grey cells accumulate in the area and release toxins that kill all cells in the area. The immune systems stay activated for up to 3 weeks or so.Reproduction close sponges are monoecious but do not usually self fertilise because individual produce egg and spermatozoons at different times. Certain choanocytes lose their collar and their flagella undergo meiosis and form flagellate d sperms. Other choanocytes and amoeboid cells in some sponges probably undergo meiosis to form eggs. spermatozoan and eggs are released from sponge oscula. Fertilisation occurs in the ocean water resulting in planktonic larvae development. In some sponges the eggs are retained inside the mesophyl of the parent. Sperm cells exit one sponge through the Osculum and enter another sponge with the incurrent water. Choanocytes trap the sperms and incorporate them into vacuole. The choanocytes lose their collar and flagellum they become amoeboids, and transport the sperm to the eggs.In some sponges, early development occurs in the mesophyl. Cleavage of a zygote results in the formation of a flagellated larval stage. The breaks free and is carried the water carries it away from the parent sponge. After about two days the larva settles in a suited environment and starts to mature into and adult.Asexual reproduction also occurs in some sponges. This involves the formation of resistant capsule s, called gemmules which contain masses of amoeboid cells. At the death of the parent sponge in winter, gemmules are released from them which can survive contrary conditions. When favourable condition are observed in spring time the amoeboid cells stream out of a tiny opening, called the micropyle, and organise into a sponge.Some sponges have the remarkable power of regeneration. Though this is possible if the right cells are present in the sponge. A few species reproduce by budding ecologySponges are very competitive for living space .Many sponges shed spicules, forming a dense carpet several meters deep that keeps away organism which would otherwise prey on the sponges. They also produce toxins that prevent other sessile organisms such as bryozoans or sea squirts from growing on or near them.Sponges are important ecological constituents of reef communities, but they do not commonly contribute to the construction of reef frameworks.HabitatsSponges are worldwide in their distributi on, from the Polar Regions to the tropics. Most are found to be in quiet and clear waters because sediment stirred up by waves or currents block their pores, making it backbreaking for them to feed and breathe. The greatest numbers of sponges are usually found on firm surfaces such as rocks, but some sponges are found on soft sediment they attach themselves by means of a root-like base.Sponges are more abundant but less diverse in temperate waters than in tropical waters, possibly because organisms that prey on sponges are more abundant in tropical waters.UsesThe calcium carbonate or silica spicules are too rough for most uses, but two genera, Hippospongia and Spongia, have soft, entirely fibrous skeletons. Early Europeans use soft sponges for many purposes including padding for helmets, portable tipsiness utensils and municipal water filters. Sponges were used as cleaning tools, applicators for paints and ceramic glazes and discreet contraceptives.The luffa sponge, which is commo nly sold for use in the kitchen or the shower, is not derived from an animal but from the fibrous skeleton of a gourd.Sponges have medicinal potential due to the presence in sponges themselves or their microbial symbionts of chemicals that may be used to control viruses, bacteria, tumours and fungi.

Essay --

Meningitis is defined as inflammation of the meninges, which are the thin membranous blanket of the brain and spinal cord. There are distinguishable variations of the disease which include bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious. Bacterial meningitis is severe in most cases. Many people fully tame but for those who are less fortunate it may cause brain damage leading to learning disabilities and hearing loss. There are many different pathogens that cause bacterial meningitis. The most common here in the United States are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Neisseria meningitidis. These bacteria can be patrimonial through direct contact with the nose and throat secretions of an infected person. The main reservoirs for these bacteria are humans but can also be the environment, mainly from the soil. In order to determine if a person has bacterial meningitis blood and cerebrospinal fluid are coll ected and analyzed by a laboratory. one time it is confirmed that bacteria are present they are then cultured to determine what type of bacteria are present. This lets doctors know how to treat the disease. The discovery of meningitis dates second to the 1800s. The first evidence that linked bacterial infection as a cause of meningitis was written by Austrian pathologist Anton Weichselbaum. He was the one to single out the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis. He named this bacterium Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis. The symptoms of bacterial meningitis can appear rapidly over several geezerhood. Normally they develop within 3-7 days after exposure to the bacteria. Signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis can occur suddenly and they include headac... ...ents. This puts you more at risk for expose to bacteria to the filth of others around you. gestation can also be titled as a risk factor. Youre at increased risk of contracting listeriosis which is an inf ection caused by listeria bacteria. This bacterium may also cause meningitis. If you have listeriosis, your unborn baby is also at high risk of catching meningitis. The last risk factor that Im going to discuss is kick downstairsed immune systems. Some factors that may cause a weakened immune system are AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, and certain drugs. When these factors weaken the immune system your body cannot prevent infection. In fact it is very easy to contract meningitis with the above health issues.In conclusion meningitis is not something to extend lightly. Stay vaccinated and take preventative actions because this disease is wide spread and can be fatal.

The Hellenistic Homemaker Essay -- Marriage Athenian Women Papers

The Hellenistic HomemakerIn both Xenophons Oeconomicus and Lysias defense of Euphiletus murder of Eratosthenes, insight into the purpose and function of Athenian trade union may be gained by examination of the speeches of two citizens about their wives and their homes. Through both texts, it be bewilders apparent that the citizens value of his wife is based upon his wifes ability as an oikonomikos or skilled household wieldr (Strauss, 3). It is through filling this role as her husbands housekeeper that an Athenian woman go through a loss of personal freedom and found herself trapped within a marri come along in which she had little contact or much in common with her husband. A womans role as oikonomikos is described by Euphiletus address of an Athenian citizen-jury and by Socrates discourse with Ischomachos, through which he strives to earn the best way by which a household may be managed. An Athenian marriage was formed to unite a household, or oikos, with an overseer to manage it. This housekeeper was responsible for maintaining the wealth of the oikos, serving as manager over the servants of the oikos, and, by providing heirs, assuring that the oikos would continue to exist and grow in the future. Socrates believed that while the possessions usually come into the house through the mans actions, they are expended for the most part in the course of the womans housekeeping and when these things turn out well, the households join on (Xenophon, III.11). A good oikonomikos was essential for the proper function of the home. Marriage existed as a business agreement between a husband and his in-laws, who negotiated it, and between a husband and his wife, who maintained it. The marriage was first arranged bet... ...en is well described through the requirements of being a good housekeeper- they must be young, uneducated, fertile, submissive, and remain in the home. In rank to fill these roles well, Xenophon, in his Oeconomicos, and Lysias, through his defen se of Euphiletus, show that women must necessarily experience a loss of freedom in order to maintain the virtues of an oikonomikos, and that also as a result of filling this house-manager role, they are so far removed from their husbands mentally and in daily experience because of age and custom, that romantic love would be inhibited. Works CitedFreeman, Kathleen. The Murder of Herodes and Other Trials from the Athenian Law Courts. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 1991. Strauss, Leo. Xenophons Socratic Discourse An Interpretation of the Oeconomicus. Ithaca Cornell University Press.